Humanitarian Ethics System Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Humanitarian Ethics System - Essay Example According to a recent report by the World Federation of International Societies of the Red Cross and Red Crescent is no longer defensible humanitarian intervention before certain disaster without addressing its causes. This paper 2000 humanitarian ethics system in a concise and comprehensive way. Speaking in the context of twenty first century, humanitarian action is consisted on strong values, norms and standards of 'humanity', from which its name is taken. Humanity, thus, appears as the unshakable link that unites and cements all human beings: a feeling, emotion and a sense that push each person to recognize the other as his or her equal and fellow human being. Most ethical theories in the ancient world were forms of virtue ethics, but in the era of 2000 there have, until recently, been few virtue ethicists. Most moral theories of 2000 treat rightness as a matter of producing good results or conforming to moral rules or principles, but virtue ethics specifies what is moral in relation to such inner factors as character and motive, and unlike most modern views, it treats aretaic notions like "admirable" and "excellent" - rather than deontic concepts like "ought," "right," and "obligatory" - as fundamental to the enterprise of ethics (Slote, 2007). Slote (2007) mentions that in its 2003 report on disasters, the International Federation of Societies of Red Cross and Red Crescent, in addition to analyzing some timely topics such as famine in southern Africa, the conflict between power and ethics in humanitarian aid to Afghanistan, the phenomenon of forced migration, framed conceptually ethics humanitarian disasters and wars, reflect on the measurement of disasters (challenges, opportunities and ethics) and provide data on disasters and refugees. Regarding the famine in early 2003 affected 15 million people in southern Africa, the document denounces lack of foresight, inefficiency and delay in implementing the aid. The combination of this disaster with the HIV / AIDS and poverty dramatically complicates the situation and generates questions about the relevance of certain intervene in conflicts without attacking its structural causes (Slote, 2007). Jacques (2003) discusses that another example of the difficulties of international aid to solve basic problems is the situation in Afghanistan, where in many aspects of security and human rights were compounded since the invasion of the allied troops led by the United States. Also the phenomenon of forced migration (175 million people living outside their homeland) raises ethical and legal problems related to humanitarian aid and citizenship and their rights. The humanitarian ethics is guided by two principles: neutrality and independence. These are the basis of a code of conduct for humanitarian aid which has acceded to over 200 organizations worldwide. However, the Federation of Societies of Red Cross and Red Crescent noted that compliance with these principles has been uneven. Humanitarian assistance tends to

Modular Approach to Building your ISE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Modular Approach to Building your ISE - Essay Example A piping designer is capable of using ShipConstructor on top of an instance of AutoCAD P&ID and hence both toolsets are available in the ShipConstructor environment. Similarly, the AutoCAD software is also beneficial for a structural designer as he can take advantages of AutoCAD Mechanical while working with ShipConstructor. In other words, the ShipConstructor software bears the benefits of the AutoCAD system as it is installed on top of the AutoCAD software. This modular approach to building an Integrated Shipbuilding Environment (ISE) would bear notable benefits as modern shipyards widely practice this technique. Since the ShipConstructor software uses a specific geometry model, it is easy to integrate different concepts. Accuracy is another potential benefit of using the ShipConstructor software. By using this system, designer can shape a shipyard to a given scale in accordance with specific requirements. The most fascinating feature of this system is that it is cost effective as the newly designed products can be easily integrated into the existing design of the shipyard.

Link Lifetime based Border Node (LLBN) Protocol

Link Lifetime based Border Node (LLBN) Protocol Link Lifetime based Border Node (LLBN) Protocol for Vehicular Ad Hoc Networks Sanjay Batish, Manisha Chahal, Sanjeev Sofat, Amardeep Singh Abstract Vehicular ad hoc network (VANET) attracts rising attentions of researchers for safety related and other communication applications. These networks have many challenging characteristics such as high mobility, fast changing topology and limitation of bandwidth. Under these problems, we proposed LLBN (link lifetime based border node protocol). Keywords VANETs, Routing Protocol, Position based Routing, GPSR 1. Introduction Vehicular ad hoc networks (VANETs) is emerging as an immense technology in wireless network that enable communication among vehicles. This network consist of vehicles, computer controlled devices, road side infrastructures, radio transceivers and internet connection. It attracts significant researchers, industry and government towards road safety, traffic control management and entertainment applications. Due to limitation of bandwidth spectrum, United State Federal Communications Commission (FCC) allocated 75MHz of bandwidth spectrum in 5.9 GHz band. Vehicles can communicate at a data rate of 6-27 Mbps up to a range of 1000m. VANET is a part of mobile ad hoc networks (MANETs). Many of existing routing protocols for MANETs are not suitable for VANET. Position based (geographic or location based) routings protocols are most suitable for VANET environment due to extremely dynamic topology and repeatedly disconnected network. In these types of routing protocols, forwarding decision is based on location of destination and location of nodes one-hop neighbors called as position based greedy forwarding routing. Border node based protocols, for example Border-node based most forward with in radius (BMFR) follow greedy forwarding by considering concept of border node. Border node concept is used to reduce the hop count between sender node and destination node, that lead to conservation of bandwidth. Nodes lie on transmission range of a particular node are called as border node. This idea of border node suffer from link failure due to unrestricted road patterns and dynamic topology. In this paper, we proposed a link lifetime based border node protocol (LLBP) to perk up existing unicast location based routing protocols. If b-mfr results several border nodes projected at same point towards destination, then check for most stable path by considering link life span. 2. Related Work 2.1. Border Node Based Routing (BBR) Protocol M. Zhang and Richard S. Wolff have proposed BBR to minimize total no for nodes involved in routing process. Here, every node maintain three tables: Neighbor Table, Border Node Selection Table and the Forward Table. It works in two phase, first one is neighbor discovering like in all other position based protocols and next phase is border node selection process. 2.2. Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing (GPSR) protocol B. Karp and H.T. Kung have discovered GPSR position based protocol for vehicular network. In greedy mode each node forwards packets to next hop that is constantly nearer to destination, until the packet reaches its final destination. GPSR recovers from a local maximum using perimeter mode. It uses an algorithm of planer graph traversal to find a way out of the local maximum region. 2.3. Border-node based most forward with in radius (BMFR) Ram Shringar Raw, D K Lobiyal have proposed this protocol by making use of border node. One-hop neighbor selection method is same as other position based protocols but here border node consider as a next-hop node for forwarding packet from source to destination. Under border node selection process, select the one which is maximum projected towards the destination. In this protocol, problem of confliction( as shown in figure 1) between two or more border nodes may occur. Figure 1. Problem in BMFR 2.4. Movement-Based Routing Algorithm (MORA) F. Granelli and G. Boato have applied this algorithm on GPSR. It considers approach of movements of vehicles along with the position of vehicles. Firstly sender node flooded the network with route request message . Destination node send route reply message with a specific metric. After that sender transmit data according to method used in GPSR protocol. 2.5. Movement Prediction-Based Routing (MOPR) Protocol H. Menouar and F. Filali proposed MOPR protocol to improve the MORA. This protocol also consider speed of vehicle along with direction and position of vehicle. Vehicle, which is expected to go out the communication range in a short period time will not be selected as a next hop for data forwarding if some better node is available. 3. Link Lifetime based Border Node Routing To increase the performance of BMFR protocol, we have applied link lifetime on BMFR. As already discussed, BMFR decrease number of hop counts through which data packets travel, but a problem arises when more than two border node towards destination projected at same point. We believe that considering only the bandwidth is not enough in unicast routing. The vehicle movement and link failure should be taken into account. A border node which goes outside the radio transceiver range should not be selected as a next hop. We propose our LLBN concept applied to BMFR ( as shown in Figure 2,3). . Figure 2. Link life time calculation Figure 3. LLBN Protocol 4. Proposed Algorithm Case a: Send packet to most projected border node towards destination Notations NS: source node ND: destination node NRf: recent forwarding node Set: recent forwarding node neighbors SetS: set of selected node NextN: selected next node Rmax: maximum communication range LC: link constancy LLT[p, q]: link(p, q) life time 1. NCf = NS 2. if ( ND lies within Rmax(NRf) ) then send data to ND else go to step 3 3. Compute Euclidian distance of all nodes in Set from NRf 4. for all Ai ∈Set, i = 1 to n if (distance of Ai from NRf == Rmax) then SetS = SetS ∠ª Ai else interior nodes 5. Calculate projection(P) of Ai on line joining NS and ND 6. Choose next neighbor node (Nnext) having highest projection if (Nnext == 1) then // only one maximum // projected node send data to Nnext else if (Nnext ≠¥ 1) then // two or more maximum // projected nodes go to step 7 Case b: Confliction between two or more border nodes occurs (Xp0, Yp0): initial position of node p in X and Y coordinates (Xq0, Yq0): initial position of node q in X and Y coordinates Vp: speed of p vehicle Vq: speed of q vehicle t0: initial time t1: time after movement of nodes t = t1 t0 Din = initial link distance Dmov = link distance after movement Λ = constant routing route validity time D2mov = ( ( Xp0 + VXpt) (Xq0 + VXqt) )2 + ( ( Yp0 + VYpt) (Yq0 + VYqt) )2 D2mov = P t2 + Q t + R P = VXp VXq Q = R = Solve P t2 + Q t + R R2max = 0 LC[p, q] = LLT[p, q] / Λ find link having maximum LC[p,q] Conclusion References [1] Hamid Menouar, Massimiliano Lenardi and Fethi Filali Movement Prediction-based Routing (MOPR) Concept for Position-based Routing in Vehicular Networks, IEEE 66th Vehicular Technology Conference, Baltimore, MD, October 2007. [2] F. Granelli, G. Boato, and D. Kliazovich, MORA: a Movement-Based Routing Algorithm for Vehicle Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Workshop AutoNet, San Francisco, U.S.A., December 2006. [3] Brad Karp and H. T. Kung, â€Å"GPSR: Greedy Perimeter Stateless Routing for Wireless Networks,† ACM 6th annual international conference on Mobile computing and networking International Conference on Mobile Computing and Networking, Boston, MA, August 2000. [4] Mingliu Zhang and Richard S. Wolff Border Node Based Routing Protocol for VANETs in Sparse and Rural Areas, IEEE GLOCOMW, November 2007. [5] Ram Shringar Raw, D K Lobiyal B-MFR Routing Protocol for Vehicular Ad hoc Networks International Conference on Networking and Information Technology 2010.

Cost of the Death Penalty Essay -- essays research papers

Costs and Consequences of the Death Penalty, written by Mark Costanzo, neatly lists reasons for opposition, and abolishment of, the death penalty. Costanzo provides a review of the history of the death penalty, a review of how the death penalty process is working today, questions on whether or not if the death penalty is inhumane and cheaper than life imprisonment. He also questions if the death penalty is fairly applied and the impact, if any, that it has on deterrence. He closely examines the public's support of the death penalty and questions the morality of the death penalty. Finally, Costanzo provides his own resolution and alternative to the death penalty. Each of these items allows the reader an easy, and once again, neat view of how the death penalty can work against out society rather than for it. Costanzo concludes there are four trends throughout the history of the death penalty. First, he believes there has been a dramatic shrinking in the number and types of crimes punishable by death. At one point in early colonial times, he argues that there were over fifty crimes fit for death, including vagrancy and petty theft. He believes there is a trend that attempts to lessen the cruelty of executions. Through the tests and reviews of past methods of killing, each one gets a little more â€Å"humane†, as the Supreme Court puts it. The third trend mentioned attempts to make the death penalty imposed fairly and rationally. Through the revised process of how it is imposed, to the choice of death in the jury’s deliberations, there have been drastic changes in how we chose the use this method of punishment. Lastly, the fourth trend is the sanitizing of executions (conducted late at night and using well-defined and specialized procedures). Although this may run side by sid e with the revision of the death penalty process, Costanzo explains that there is a difference between the reasons why we chose the death penalty in cases, which is the revision discussed in trend number 3, and the revision of how it is carried out, which is the fourth. The practices have come along way, but if history proves true, Costanzo argues, there will be a new way of doing it in the not so distant future, which will be called more â€Å"humane† and fit for use in our penal system. Costanzo sites the two landmark decisions of the Supreme Court. Furman vs. Georgia (1972): ruled that capital ... ...wn government put people to death, the more likely they will be to use death in their own world. Also, he believes the evidence shows those who currently support the death penalty would favor other types of alternatives if given the option and explanation. Largely he believes people want justice and choose the death penalty due to a lack of any other sure way to keep the dangerous criminals off the street. Costanzo suggests workable alternatives to the death sentence; i.e., life without parole plus restitution. He believes the public would readily support this if the option was provided and explained.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In conclusion, Costanzo believes that the death penalty does not work and should be abolished. He supports his position by thoroughly explaining the history of the death penalty and gives numerous arguments that support that no legal system is able to infallibility and evenhandedly decide who should live and who should die. He points out that those who support it do so in the abstract and that when given a better alternative to ensure the public safety, alternatives that offer punishment without the taking of lives would be preferred over ones that do.

Are People Born Evil? Essay

Are people born evil? It do is an interesting question. I don’t think everyone of us is born evil. Great examples were established in Charles Dickens’ renowned book – A Tale of Two Cities. Firstly, I think people are not born good or evil but are born blank as a sheet, a white, clear sheet. However, people are only becoming evil that they are affected by others and making evil choices. Madame Defarge is a nice example in a tale of two cities that is affected to be evil when grown up. I think she was blank as a sheet when she was small, but then she was affected and turned to be cold by the death of her sister and brother. They were dead because of the French aristocracy – Envemode family. After that, she heart turn steel and she chose to the road of hatred and revenge. She wanted to take revenge on the Envemode family and take revolution when she saw how poor peasants in France are. She was not evil at first, she wanted change the life of French peasants, and however, she was evil then that she was too blind about her revenge desire. She wanted to kill the French aristocracy off but not only the Envemode. She had ever said, â€Å"To me, women! What! We can kill as well as the men when the place is taken!† She did not realize the way of forgiving. She was just repeating the tragedies even through French peasants were not the victims. People all killed and wars were everywhere. She has chosen the way of taking revenge that brought her to the road of evil. If she has chosen the road of forgiving and goodness, tragedies probably have not been happened. In the other hand, Sydney Carton is another great example in a tale of two cities that is affected to be good when once he met Lucie. Lucie is his light in his life. Before he met Lucie, he is reckless, he was frustrated and just let people take advantage in him that he thought he has nothing to do so in life. But then when he met Lucie, he became alive, although he was still low self-esteem and frustrated, he said that he told Charles when he was drunk, â€Å"†I am a disappointed drudge, sir. I care for no man on earth, and no man on earth cares for me.† He was jealous about Charles but he was very different with Madame Defarge, he did not take revenge or choose the way to hatred but he has chosen the road to love, he express in his  sacrifice for Charles that to keep his promises, that he ever told Lucie, â€Å"For you, and for any dear to you, I would do anything. I would embrace any sacrifice for you and for those dear to you. And when you see your own bright beauty springing up anew at your feet, think now and then that there is a man who would give his life, to keep a life you love beside you.† Later on, when Charles has been charged and needed to be sent to the guillotine, he kept his promise, and ran for the road of love more than jealous and taking revenge. He knew the definition of love is to love the person, leave happiness for him, but not having the person. He had choices, he could choose not to keep the promises, then Charles would die and probably Lucie would love him soon. But he did not do that, moreover, he loves Lucie and scarified his life. He was happy at last and he said a word, â€Å"It is far, far better thing that I do, than I have ever done; it is a far, far better rest that I go to than I have ever known.†From the above great examples in A Tale of Two Cities, I truly believe that people are not born evil but born blank. To be evil or to be good is the choice we have to face, it will be affected by others and the surroundings such as Madame Defarge was affected by the death of her sister and brother and Sydney was affected by Lucie that he choose to scarify his life to keep Charles besides Lucie. When we knew the meaning of love, the meaning of forgiving, evilness would not come over but we will be good and kind. We born nothing and we choose what we want to be that I believe people are not born evil.

Management of Financial Resources and Performance Essay

This assessment accounts for 100% of your overall module grade. It is an individually written assignment of about 3000-3500 words (10% -/+) excluding appendices, to be submitted to LSS Business School on the deadline shown in the student portal with the appropriate cover note according to the guidelines given in the student handbook. Your work is expected to be analytical and evaluative, consolidate on relevant theory and indicate a good level of application abilities. In order to complete this assignment you are required to select a company of your choice and identify the various stakeholders and their Interests on the company. You need to briefly explain how they can be managed effectively in the organisation using about 1000 words. Then select another company that is listed in FTSE (or equivalent in your own country), and conduct an audit of the businesses current position, you are required to identify the business planning and current strategy used in the organisation with specific reference to performance analysis and utilisation of resources (Including International considerations) for competitive advantage and assess the financial position using a series of management accounting techniques for decision making. Use about 1500 words in order to complete this. Using about 500-1000 words briefly explain the investment appraisal techniques that could be used by an organisation, and apply the techniques to conduct a investment appraisal for the following scenario 123 LTD is a clothing manufacturer operating in UK for more than 10 yrs, As a strategic decision to expand it’s operations, the company plans to set up a manufacturing unit in another country and produce designer clothing to sell in that country. Current interest rate is 10%, The options available are: USA Running expenses is estimated to be  £210K per annum and expected revenue is USD 700K per Annum An additional approval fee of  £22K needs to be paid in advance to trade in the country annually. France Running expenses is estimated to be  £190K per annum and expected revenue is EURO 450K per Annum. An additional approval fee of  £25K needs to be paid in advance to operate in the every yr. In addition a one off Royalty Fee of  £25K needs to be paid despite of the operational years. Switzerland Running expenses is estimated to be  £200K per annum and expected revenue is Swiss Francs 3800K per Annum, An additional License fee of  £30K needs to be paid in advance to operate in the route for a yr. Given the controls in this country, any factory of this nature will need an inspection by the authorities every 3 yrs amounting to  £70K per inspection. Cost of New machinery for this purpose in any country is  £450K, Life time of the Machinery is 10 yrs and at the end of 5 yrs the machinery will attract, a residual value of  £150K. Any material that you will decide to use as a result of your research would need to be submitted at the back of your assignment in the form of an appendix to ensure that the tutor is also briefed to the same level as you, when assessing your work. Take great care and follow the wording below carefully, to ensure that you have covered all the requirements sufficiently, according to the given tasks below.

Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today

Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today Women being the key players in child care and development have resulted to joining the labor force because of the financial pressure facing families and changes in societal roles for the female gender. However no matter what the reason is, it is affecting today’s child development enormously, this is because children have social needs that have to be met and this can be best done by a parent and not a day care program or a nanny as that is the system currently.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Psychological effects of parental employment and early childcare on individuals today specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Parental employment has led to children being enrolled to schools before they are ready for it and due to this many of them get discouraged and disoriented because of the school system and hence drop out at an early stage. If they do not get encouragement or support to go back to school they grow into ad ulthood where they begin a life of struggling in order to survive trough any means hence, all the vices characterizing today’s society. Children lacking parental attention tend to take drugs in their adulthood because they feel desperate and unwanted hence seeking refuge in narcotics. This children also often become very defiant and antisocial, they consider adult advice as boring and mere talk and,they also grow to be very distant from their parents some even disown them completely. Forming any kind of relationship with other people also becomes difficult because they have not been taught to do so in childhood. Jacqui (1997) explains that â€Å"infant mortality is the number of deaths of children below one year for every a 1000 live births and the type of death could be neonatal, that is, death before 29 days after birth and post neonatal after the 29 days.† This division is due to the difference in cause of death at these ages. The rate of deaths has been high in the past but it has gradually reduced due to improvement of basic health, improved technology and more trained personnel in the medical field. The major cause of death has been dehydration from diarrhea; however this has reduced due to the education of mothers about the oral rehydration solution. Currently pneumonia is the most common cause of infant death, other major causes of death are: Congenital defectsAdvertising Looking for report on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These are birth defects and they occur while the fetus is still in the womb, they affect the looks or the functioning of the body. Physical defects are such as cleft lip and palates while functional defects involve the body organs such as the; heart, lungs, kidneys, liver and there are also chromosomal abnormalities like Down’s syndrome, those that are very severe lead to infant death. Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight-Preterm birth is birth before the required period of pregnancy is over that is 37 weeks while low birth weight is weight below 2.5 kilogram’s or 2500 grams. Regardless of the length of pregnancy, also referred to as short conception phase, is a span of pregnancy less than 38 weeks. In 2005 babies the number if infant deaths due to these two factors were 4698. The WHO noted that â€Å"Maternal difficulties of Pregnancy-These include preeclampsia, placenta previa, incompetent cervix, umbilical cord and placenta complications among many others; they arise during pregnancy and lead to infant death especially at the time of birth.† Other causes of infant death include malaria, malnutrition, infections, child abuse, abandonment, sexually transmitted diseases and sudden infant death syndrome† (Wegman, 2001). In developed countries the major cause of death is low birth weight which can be improved through prenatal care to encourage mothers to feed well because most fear gaining weigh t due to the pregnancy. In developing countries the major problems are diarrhea, infectious diseases and HIV/Aids, they can control this by improving basic health care and providing health education to mothers. Reference List Jacqui, W. (1997). Baby Milk Companies Accused of Breaching Marketing Code. British Medical Journal, pg. 167–169. Retrieved from deathreference.com/Me-Nu/Mortality-Infant.html#ixzz0qGjLsLkK Wegman, M. E. (2001). Infant Mortality in the 20th Century, Dramatic but Uneven Progress. Journal of Nutrition, pg. 131. Retrieved from deathreference.com/Me-Nu/Mortality-Infant.html#ixzz0qGjLsLkK

Understanding Technology Assessment essays

Understanding Technology Assessment essays The purpose of this report are intend to describe WHAT is Technology Assessment, HOW it was evolved, and justifications on WHY theres needs for Technology Assessment. The report briefly covers the definition of the major Technology Assessment paradigms, and attempt to analyze the differences between Eijndhoven and J. Schot/A. Rips views on Constructive Technology Assessment (CTA) paradigm. Four major technology assessment tools and methods will also be introduced together with its useful applications and limitations. The last section of the report deals with how different engineering disciplines incorporate technology assessment into their decision-making processes with real examples from todays engineering world. The section finishes with judgments on how far are we in incorporating CTA into decision-making processes, and whats the future holds for current technology assessment paradigms. Why do we need technology assessment? Why technology assessment is considered to be an essential part of todays modern engineering activity and technological development? Because being an engineer we are not only engineering the technology but we are also engineering the society. And often, many of the negative and undesirable byproducts of such activities are being poured into our society due to the lack of insight investigation. Engineers also have to realize that technology is not simply the rational product of scientists and engineers. It is often the product of the public perceptions and speculation[1]. Technical artifacts and process do not operate in a vacuum. [1] During the early stage of the technology assessments establishment, the motives behind it were to serve as an early warning system intended for decision-makers to avoid unwanted side effects from the new the technologies [2]. But it was then realized the early warning system lacked nei...

A Model Of Customer Value For Consumer Market Marketing Essay

A Model Of Customer Value For Consumer Market Marketing Essay Satisfying customers wishes is a challenge for many companies in the todays rapidly changing and keenly competitive environment. A thorough knowledge of customer needs is even considered to be the foundation on which a company is built. (Mohr-Jackson, 1996) Hence, the researcher in this research has decided to focus the research on customer values. 2.0 Definition of Customer Values Walters (2002) explains that â€Å"value is an interesting concept. The underlying motivation for changes in customer expectations is a shift in the consumer perspective of value which has moved away from a combination of benefits dominated by price towards a range of benefits in which price, for some customer segments, has very little impact. Value is assumed to be the benefits received from a product choice less their costs of acquisition†. The benefits can be measured in price, quality, convenience, flexibility, response time, dependability of delivery, style and fashion, ethical issues, technol ogy and personalization. All these values are very important especially for the first time customers as in this high competitive business environment, customers will compare the value of product or service the competitor is offerings. The more values a company willing to provide, the more likely the customers are willing pay for the product or service. 3.0 Customer Value Models According to Fuller (1993), identify customer’s characteristic and develop customer value model are a very important part in satisfying the customer needs. The product and service characteristic must be produced and delivered and these tasks raise questions concerning the capabilities and capacities. Diagram 1: A Model of Customer Value for Consumer Market According to Day (1990), the original idea of â€Å"value equation† and emphasizing customers’ perception. This model (Diagram 1) integrates descriptive and normative points of view about consumer behaviour, including the consumer value s expectation before purchase, customer value evaluation at the time of buying, and value actualization in consumption or possession. According to social psychologists, people’s perception of objects and events is influenced by their cognitive traits such as personality and attitude, personal values, and consumption schemata. Besides that, it can also be influenced by the demographics such as age, education, income, wealth, and time resources. As indicated in Diagram 1, these factors of â€Å"Customer Characteristics† are the background of the customers’ perception. The buyers’ evaluation of a product purchase begins from their perceived product benefits. The earlier discussions of consumers’ product valuation have proposed a framework about how the customers perceive product benefits based on their terminal personal values and instrumental consumption values. In addition, the discussion has suggested and illustrated a typology of generic product b enefits with eight categories. As indicated in Diagram 1, the model suggests that â€Å"Perceived Product Benefits† could be a single type or a combination of the eight categories of product benefits. The model suggests that customer value is a consequence of subjective evaluation which in turn results from the summing up of the various perceived benefits and perceived costs, taking into account the differently weighted factors. In other words, the â€Å"perceived customer value† in the model is defined as the surplus or the difference between perceived benefits and perceived costs (Day 1990).

Texas Constitution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Texas Constitution - Essay Example This essay characterizes Texas Constitution, describing its history and how its main features were developed. Dating back to the history of the Texas Constitution, San Antonio was the capital of Texas back in 1773 to 1824. At that time, Texas government was under the rule of Spain, and was, otherwise or constitutional, largely an abstraction in much of the Texas wilderness. During that time, a follower of Father Miguel Hidlgo Costilla, Jose Bernado Gutierrez, led an abortive revolt against Spanish authority in 1810 for which he was executed for trying to continue the revolution in Texas. Later developments leading more directly to Texas constitutionalism started with the official settlement of Anglo Americans in Texas. The first link in the chain of events that Led to Texas independence was a convention called by the colonists in 1832 to meet in San Felipe de Austin. The Texas constitution comprises of bill of rights that is more expansive than in most state constitutions. The bill of rights follows the national pattern by establishing a separation of authority between judiciary, legislative and executive branches and then establishes a unique system of checks and balances that serves to allow each branch to limit or monitor the powers of the others. The governor of Texas State has limited power and authority in their capacity and role as chief executives since Texas has a plural executive system that consists of several independently elected executives over whom the governor has no control.

Management Techniques Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Management Techniques - Research Paper Example Without increasing employee productivity, it is impossible for a company to achieve required goals and objectives in the given time frame. According to Kimball and Nink (2006), employee productivity and engagement are imperative for the success of companies. That is the reason why managers of almost all companies give extreme importance to increase employee productivity and efficiency. Managers use effective management techniques not only to improve their productivity at the workplace but also to motivate them to do their best for the benefit of the company. Let us now discuss some of the common management techniques that managers of most of the companies use to improve overall functioning of their companies in competitive environments. Some of the most common management techniques being used by the managers all over the world include building effective workforce, growth management, incentives and bonuses, and increasing the use of technology. Let us now discuss all of these management techniques to get a better understanding of how managers use these techniques for the growth of their companies. One of the main management techniques used by most of the managers is to build an effective workforce that can help the company achieve its goals and objectives successfully. According to Mabey and Ramirez (2005), managing development greatly contributes to improved firm performance. Managers usually undergo a complete human resource recruitment process for selecting talented individuals whose job competency matches with the requirements of the jobs being offered. They create job descriptions for all of the jobs that they plan to advertise and post them in famous newspapers and magazines. Upon receiving the applications, they analyze each of those and select only those applicants who possess the required set of skills, abilities, and qualification. Once the mangers are done

Indian Bronze Sculpture at the Art Institute Chicago Essay

Indian Bronze Sculpture at the Art Institute Chicago - Essay Example In that sense, Shiva is also the deity of reproduction. Because of the association with death and anger, Shiva is the most-feared god in Hindu religion and at the same time, is the epitome of love and salvation. Shiva is also the Mahayogi, the greatest ascetic who through his intense meditation breaks the barriers for the river Ganga to flow down to the plains from his abode in Mount Kailash in the Himalayas. His love for his consort, Parvati, is intense and depicts the tense relationship between man and woman (1stholic). The symbolism in Shiva's physical features depicts the earthly life cycle. The torrent of the Ganga river that Shiva brings about through his meditation flow as Shiva's locks of hair, thereafter transforming into the seven big rivers in the land. Among the physical attributes of Lord Shiva, other than the cobra (symbolizing worldly forces), a skull (implying Shiva as lord of finale) and the mermaid Ganga also find the falcate moon (the container of the holy nectar). Shiva wears two earrings - the right ear has a Linga or male earring and the left ear has a Yoni or female earring. The image, in other words, is androgynous and includes both male and female. Shiva has four arms and two feet, the body carrying strap and ornaments of the classical dancer. Rising out of Apasmara is the "circle of fire" (the Prabha Mandala), namely, the real circle of creation--this observed world where we are placed in. Lastly, the whole image sits on a lotus base, lotus being a symbol of cleanliness grow ing out of the dim waters of the mysterious (Objectives For Myths, indiana.edu). Shiva, the lord of the Lingam (or sexuality), the husband of Shakti-Devi (or Parvati), is also Nataraja, King of Dance, who transforms man into a higher level. In Hindu philosophy, dancing is considered as an art form in which the dancer is metamorphosed into a being gifted with extraordinary powers. The dance, like yoga, generates daze, elation, the experience of the celestial, the self- realization ("atmanam biddhi") and, lastly, uniting with the godly spirit. The dance, in Hindu societies, has grown along with the remarkable rigors of the meditation - fasting, breathing exercises, total withdrawal. To work magic upon others, one has to be fascinated oneself and dance is an act of creation, resulting in a new state and taking the dancer to a new and higher persona, stirring dormant energies to mold the world (Zimmer, Philosophies of India). The typical Nataraj is shown with four hands, two on either side, the upper left hand gripping a flame, the lower left hand indicating down to the devil Muyalaka, or dwarf (Apasmara) symbolizing unawareness, shown to be holding a cobra. The demon is trampled by Shiva's right foot and the other foot is lifted. The upper right hand clutches a drum, the lower one is in the abhaymudra ('be without fear'). The hair is plaited and jeweled, some of his locks reeling as he dances; inside the crinkles of his hair are a coiled cobra, a skull, and the form of Ganga, the Hindu holy river. The whole figure stands on a lotus plinth bordered by a ring of flames, touched by the hands gripping the drum and the fire (Coomaraswamy, 1957). The dance represents five activities: Shrishti (creation, progress); Sthiti (conservation, maintainence); Samhara (annihilation,

The Organizational Behavior Principles Presentation Essay

The Organizational Behavior Principles Presentation - Essay Example The importance of this factor stems out of its determining role in the employees' job satisfaction, level of stress and interest. There are three most commonly used approaches to integration of job design: efficiency perspective, motivation perspective, and quality perspective. The efficiency perspective developed on the base of the scientific management and its primary goal is to economize on the costs of production activities. We can think about one of the aspects of the efficiency perspective, namely process engineering, as a potential tool to increase efficiency of the sales force performance. However, the efficiency perspective does not really have the positive impact on the workers' motivation and effort. Generally speaking, process engineering assesses the sequence of tasks required to produce a particular product or service and analyzes the way those tasks fit together into an integrated job. It also examines tasks to see which should be performed by people and which can possibly be automated without compromising on the performance. The motivational perspective concentrates on fitting the characteristics of jobs to the needs and interests of the people who performs them and, therefore, provides the opportunity for satisfaction at work. Although, its commonly used tools, which include vertical, horizontal, comprehensive, and sociotechnical job enrichment, are applicable to a greater extend to the manufacturing organizations, the motivational perspective may provide us with useful insights as well. We may consider allocating to the new product line sales team those sales managers who have had previous experience with new products' launches and are excited about participating in such a challenge. The quality perspective incorporates both elements of motivational and efficiency perspectives and emerged later when the total quality management began gaining popularity. Closely interconnected with the motivational theory and job design is the goal setting process. As the goal commitment and performance are positively related, the task of proper goal setting gains importance. Every company wants to rely on its workers doing "the best they can". Although such a goal is intended to guide job performance in everyday situation, research in the organizational behavior field has consistently demonstrated that instructions shaped in this way can hinder the working performance. In contrast, Wagner and Hollenbeck (2005) note that more than 100 studies support the assertion that performance is enhanced by goals that are both specific and difficult (120). Two additional elements that help in motivating the employees are feedback, so the progress can be monitored, and incentives, so the goal accomplishment takes on meaning. Therefore, the goals of the new sales team should be both specific, meaning quantified and personalized, and challenging. Moreover, following the steady evolutionary growth should be rewarded. Specific and difficult goals are especially effective when incorporated into a continuous improvement cycle in which future goals consist of reasonable increments on the fulfilled goals of the past. The aggressive but achievable goals encourage people to develop effective task strategies and sharpen their mental focus on the task. However, their major advantage is that they direct attention to specific desired results, clarifying perceptions of

Modern Asian Theatre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern Asian Theatre - Research Paper Example In this regard, this paper will be divided into three parts. The first part will provide a brief review on what theatre is and its basic foundations, as well as describe the common characteristics of Asian theatre. The second part will zero in on Indonesian theatre and its tight connection with the country’s socio-political history. The last part will present a conclusion that justifies the paper’s thesis—that modern Indonesian theatre is a strong reflection of the birth and growth of a nation. Theatre, unlike painting and sculpture, can be regarded as a unique art form for it consists of actors that perform in real time before a live audience. Although it is difficult to trace the exact origin of theatre, most scholars and historians agree that the first known dramatic presentation happened in Africa, possibly as early as 3300 B.C. The basic foundations of dramatic presentations are anchored on the culture and tradition of people. As such, theatre is comprised of two essential elements—ritual and storytelling (Cohen 222). A ritual is a collective ceremony performed by members of society for religious and cultural reasons. Ethnic plays are usually filled with activities that aim at impressing or advocating a specific belief over its intended audience (like the killing of an animal to worship a god or dancing uninhibitedly to celebrate an important occasion). Storytelling as a key component of theatre, on the other hand, necessitates an audience to artistically relay a significant message. Because of this, storytelling plays often generate character impersonation and utilize a more coherent narrative. Asian theatre, unlike Western ones that put premium on the clear narration of a story, is more sensual and melodic. Thus, it is claimed that there are five common characteristics of Asian theatre (whether it be an Indian Sanskrit drama, a Chinese Xiqu or a Japanese Kabuki): Its language are

The Matrix Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Matrix - Essay Example When examining Plato’s dialogue and the film the ‘Matrix’ they are ostensibly diametrically opposed. One is an ancient Greek dialogue and the other is a 20th century science-fiction action film with Keanu Reeves. Still, it’s clear that if one examines the deeper metaphorical and philosophical significance of these texts, they share the same underlining concerns. For instance, in Plato’s ‘Allegory of the Cave’ he writes, â€Å"the truth would be literally nothing but the shadows of the images† (Plato). One considers a parallel account in the Matrix, as humanity has been placed in a matrix by intelligent machines that have assumed control of the world. In both texts, then, humanity is only able to grasp reality through a sort of imperfect prism. Similarly, in both texts the prisoners, and Neo, experience a period of awakening as they break free of their bondage and are exposed to the world around them. In addition to the elements described above, there are a number of structural elements that are similar between the two texts. The Matrix presents a dystopian world wherein it is supposed to be much better to assume the virtual reality than grasp the deeper reality. Plato also creates a similar structure within his allegory, writing, â€Å"when any of them is liberated and compelled suddenly to stand up and turn his neck round†¦he will suffer sharp pains; the glare will distress him† (Plato). In these regards, both texts present a world where the true nature of reality is a slightly negative thing to grasp. Another similar structural, or ‘plot’, element between the two works is the understanding that the individuals in both situations are prisoners. While reality the simulated reality is presented as slightly blissful, it’s ultimately understood that this existence is a limited and prison-like state. For

Modern Asian Theatre Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Modern Asian Theatre - Research Paper Example In this regard, this paper will be divided into three parts. The first part will provide a brief review on what theatre is and its basic foundations, as well as describe the common characteristics of Asian theatre. The second part will zero in on Indonesian theatre and its tight connection with the country’s socio-political history. The last part will present a conclusion that justifies the paper’s thesis—that modern Indonesian theatre is a strong reflection of the birth and growth of a nation. Theatre, unlike painting and sculpture, can be regarded as a unique art form for it consists of actors that perform in real time before a live audience. Although it is difficult to trace the exact origin of theatre, most scholars and historians agree that the first known dramatic presentation happened in Africa, possibly as early as 3300 B.C. The basic foundations of dramatic presentations are anchored on the culture and tradition of people. As such, theatre is comprised of two essential elements—ritual and storytelling (Cohen 222). A ritual is a collective ceremony performed by members of society for religious and cultural reasons. Ethnic plays are usually filled with activities that aim at impressing or advocating a specific belief over its intended audience (like the killing of an animal to worship a god or dancing uninhibitedly to celebrate an important occasion). Storytelling as a key component of theatre, on the other hand, necessitates an audience to artistically relay a significant message. Because of this, storytelling plays often generate character impersonation and utilize a more coherent narrative. Asian theatre, unlike Western ones that put premium on the clear narration of a story, is more sensual and melodic. Thus, it is claimed that there are five common characteristics of Asian theatre (whether it be an Indian Sanskrit drama, a Chinese Xiqu or a Japanese Kabuki): Its language are

The Building Blocks of Life Worksheet Essay Example for Free

The Building Blocks of Life Worksheet Essay Part 1: Mitosis and Meiosis Short-Answer Response Use Ch. 5 of BioInquiry and the â€Å"Comparing Mitosis and Meiosis† video as resources for Part 1 of this assignment. Write 75- to 100-word answers to the following questions. Why are the process of mitosis and meiosis both important to a living organism? Mitosis is the process of asexual reproduction of cells. This process is important in order for living organisms to continue to live. If mitosis didn’t happen the living organisms would die when the original cells died off rather than the original cells making new cells that are exactly the same. Meiosis is the process of sexual reproduction where gametes are produced. This is the process of offspring being made. Animals, humans, and other forms of life that reproduce by meiosis would become extinct without meiosis. When would an organism need to undergo the process of mitosis? Meiosis? Mitosis is the process an organism would undergo to reproduce the cells needed to live such as any cell that makes replicas of itself in order to continue to live or to repair itself. Meiosis is the process that is required to reproduce offspring. In order for there to continue to be life forms on earth meiosis is important to continue the cycle of life. Both processes of cell production are important. They work differently but has similarities. They are both just important in the cycle of life. What would happen if meiosis did not occur? If meiosis didn’t occur it would cause endangerment and extinction of species and life forms. Meiosis is an important process to continue all species that reproduce sexually. Meiosis allows sperm and egg to produce gametes which is the beginning of a baby. Without this process populations in all species  would be affected unless the species reproduces asexually. Reproducing asexually means that there is no fusion of gametes to create offspring. Asexual reproduction happens with one parent. It is common in bacteria, fungi, and plants. Part 2: Photosynthesis and Cellular Respiration Matrix Complete the matrix. Use the following questions to aid in completion: What is the purpose of this pathway? Reactants: What does this reaction need to proceed? Products: What is produced because of the reaction? The role of ATP: Does it supply energy or store energy? Cellular respiration Photosynthesis Pathway Glycolysis Krebs cycle Electron transport Light-dependent reaction Light-independent reaction Purpose Break down one molecule of glucose into two molecules of pyruvate Part of a metabolic pathway involved in the chemical conversion of carbohydrates Mediating biochemical reactions that produce adenosine Triphosphate Provide energy for the light-independent reaction To make food and carbohydrates can be synthesized Where it takes place Cell cytoplasm Matrix of the mitochondrion Mitochondria Thylakoids Stroma Reactants ATP, NADH, Pyruvates, CO2, Coenzyme A, PGAL Acetyl CO-A, Oxaloacetate, Citrate, Alpha Ketoglutarate Hydrogen ions, Oxygen, NADH, FADH2 Light, water, ADP, NADP+ ATP, carbon dioxide, and NADPH Products H2O, NADH, ATP Carbon dioxide and ATP Water, ATP O2, ATP, NADPH ADP, NADP+,glucose The role of ATP Oxidizing glucose Finish oxidation of glucose and produce majority of NADH and the only FADH2 ETS accepts energy from carriers in the matrix and stores it to a form that can be used to phosphorylate ADP, Producing ATP for Energy Transports solar energy in the form of ATP to power other chemical reactions Uses ATP from ETC to convert CO2 into G3P. References Pruitt, N. L., Underwood, L. S. (2006). BioInquiry: Making connections in biology (3rd ed.). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley Sons.

Transferring Capital Or Funds From Savers To Borrowers

Transferring Capital Or Funds From Savers To Borrowers The financial institution is the process to provide the financial service to the people. It can also say is the institution collecting the funds from the public into the financial assets. It also verifies by the government, so it is safe for the people to using. The main function of the financial institution transfers the capital between savers and those who need capital. The financial activities and function provide by the financial institution are bonds, debentures, stocks, loans, risk diversification, insurance, hedging, retirement planning, investment, portfolio management, and many other types of related functions. The way use by financial institution to transfer the fund can be defined by 3 ways; there are direct transfers, indirect transfer and financial intermediaries. The first way of a financial institution is Direct transfer can also call ask direct transfers of money and securities. Direct transfer means the organization sells its stocks or bond directly to savers and without any type of financial institution. For example, the party A and B is the relatives and the parties A want to transfer the money to invest the party B organization by using direct transfer; it is without any financial institution or financial market so this is call direct transfer. The advantage of direct transfer is saving the money, it because using direct transfer is without any taxable. Direct transfer is without any taxable because direct transfer is a process straight transfers the money to other account and is wont going through any financial institution so the government will not charge the tax because government is not know about it. The disadvantage of using direct transfer is complex. It is possible become complex because direct transfer is making by the two part y without any financial institution and it not have the professional person to help properly transfer the money and making the agreement, so in future maybe will happen conflict between the parties. The second way for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market is indirect transfer by using banking house. Indirect transfer is a process to transfer the capital or funds through the financial institution such as investment banking house. Investment banking house is like the agency to help the organization to transfers the bond or stock into the money. It normally use by an organization that underwrites and distributes new investment securities to help the organization obtain their financial. An underwriter serves as a middleman and facilitates the issuance of securities to the investor. For example, an organization sells the stocks or bonds to the investment bank and investment bank sells these same securities to the savers. The advantage of this financial institution is more efficient and fast to transfer the bond or stock into the financial assets. It is because investment bank has required the professionals to given the organization accurate information and help organization to make the transfer process more efficient and wont getting problem. The disadvantage of investment banking house is need to spend more time to wait the process done by the investment banking house. It is because company need to waiting the investment banker sell the bond or stock into the money. The banker could not be estimate when can sell the bond and stock to the saver. Next, investment banking house give more confidence to the saver. Investment banker will provide fully information about company to saver review and give professional guideline about the investment to avoid wrong investment. Therefore, the investment risk will decrease and the percentages of faced loss also will be reduce by using the investment banking, but it will increase the cost because need to pay the intermediaries fees. The third way for transferring capital or fund from savers to borrowers in the financial market is indirect transfer buy using financial intermediaries. The indirect financial institution can be separated into three types such as Investment Intermediaries, Contractual Saving Institutions, and Depository Institutions. Financial intermediary is an institution that acts as the middleman between investors and firms raising funds. Financial intermediary will using the funds from the saver to purchase other securities from other organization and hold it for gain the profitability. The three major functions of the financial intermediaries are maturity transformation, risk transformation and convenience denomination. Maturity transformation is converting short term liabilities to long term assets. Risk transformation is converting risky investments into relatively risk-free ones. Convenience denomination is matching small deposits with large loans and large deposits with small loans. Financial intermediaries accept the saver to use the loan or securities to invest their funds. The financial intermediaries will provide the loan plan to the saver to properly using the loan to invest. Financial intermediaries can help to reduce the time. It is because financial intermediaries can transfer the financial assets into the money by the faster way. This is mean financial intermediaries will buy the assets from the customer and sells it in future, so it can reduce the time because some of the assets need longer of period to sell it or transfer into the money. Therefore, some of the people will use financial intermediaries to solve their emergence financial problem. Financial intermediaries can also help the saver to reduce the transaction cost such as consulting fee for getting information. In this situation, financial intermediaries will provide the completely information or professional advice to help the investors making the decision. Financial institution can be separa ted into three types such as Investment Intermediaries, Contractual Saving Institutions, and Depository Institutions. Depository institution is a channel to receive the funds from the public or manage their funds to invest other organization to gain the profit. When gain the profit Depository institution will return some interest to the people who are invest the funds in the depository institution. Depository institution can be defined in few types, there are commercial banks, savings and loan associated credit union and mutual saving bank. Commercial bank is the financial institutions provide the loan, saving, transactional, money market account, insurance, and stock brokerage service to the public. The examples of the commercial bank in the Malaysia are Affin Bank, Arab-Malaysian Banking Group, Bank Simpanan Nasional (BSN), Citibank Malaysia, Exim Bank Malaysia, Hong Leong Bank and other. The advantage of using the commercial bank is the risk is lower. It is because commercial bank has stronger financial background, so it will not easy bankrupt or facing the financial problem such as facing loss in investment. The disadvantage of the commercial bank is the percentage of interest maybe lower than other financial institution. For example, interest rate provide by the insurance institution always higher than the commercial bank. Moreover, a savings and loan association (or SL), also known as a thrift, is a financial institution that specializes in accepting savings deposits and making mortgage and other loans. Mortgage means using the something such as house, land or assets to make the loan with the savings and loan association. If the people cannot pay back the loan, the house will be taken over by the savings and loan association. The advantage of the savings and loan association is interest of saving deposit is higher than the commercial bank. Therefore, people will choose it to saving their money to gain more interest. In the additional, mutual savings bank is also a type of thrift institution. The function just seems like saving and loan associations which obtain the funds from other and make loan such as mortgage loan. Credit union is a non-profit financial institution that is owned and operated entirely by a group of members such as employee. Credit unions provide financial services for their members, including savings and lending. The condition to join a credit union is a person must ordinarily belong to a participating organization. When a person deposits money in a credit union, the person will become the member of the credit union. Last, contractual saving institution is an institution that obtains funds at periodic intervals on a basis contractual. It is normally use for the longer period of time. It is mean if the contract dead line is not yet reach, the saver cannot taking back the money from the contractual saving institution. Contractual saving institution can be defines into two types, there are insurance institution and pension institution. Insurance institution normally provide some of insurance services such as investment insurance, life insurance, endowment insurance, accident insurance and other. Examples of the insurance institution in Malaysia are Potential, AIA, Am insurance, Greaten Eastern and some more. Pension Institution is an associated that collects the funds from the retired person to help them invest the funds and getting back the interest or profit. In conclusion, using indirect transfer way is more efficient and safe then using the direct transfer way. Indirect transfers way have more benefit to the user. It also provides more service to the user. So, based on my opinion, I encourage the people to using indirect transfer way to manage money or making the loan.

Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl an

Slave Women in Harriet Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl and Toni Morrison's Beloved Slavery was a horrible institution that dehumanized a race of people. Female slave bondage was different from that of men. It wasn't less severe, but it was different. The sexual abuse, child bearing, and child care responsibilities affected the females's pattern of resistance and how they conducted their lives. Harriet Jacobs' Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, demonstrates the different role that women slaves had and the struggles that were caused from having to cope with sexual abuse. Growing up as a slave Jacobs was constantly exposed to sexual abuse from her master. She was forced to learn what it meant to be a slave that was a women and the exploits that she would have to endure. A...there is no shadow of law to protect her from insult, from violence, or even from death; all these are inflicted by fiends who bear the shape of men."(Jacobs,361) The insults and violence that Jacobs endured from her master shaped the choices she made in life. He whispered foul words to her, causing Jacobs much pain. She was forced to lose her innocence early in life. Her master owned her so he was able to treat her and violate her innocence as he pleased. By losing her innocence Jacobs felt that she had done something wrong. She soon realized how she was different by being a slave that was a women. "She will become prematurely knowing in evil things. Soon she will learn to tremble when she hears her master's footfall. She will be compelled to realize that she is no longer a child."(Jacobs,361) The choices that Jacobs took in life were influenced by the position that she was in. She gave birth to two children, hoping they would hel... ...hat clearly inhibits motherhood. She would rather see her child dead in peace before she saw her child as a slave. However this did not happen this way because Beloved came back to haunt the family which resulted in her two boys leaving because they could not stand the pressure of living in a haunted house. So, again motherhood was inhibited because with out any children there is no mother hood and this is all because of slavery. Although Sethe prevented her children from being put back into the evil forces of slavery, there is a greater question of importance. Can Sethe be thought of as a heroine for releasing them from slavery or is it murder? These questions must also be related back to the real-life character Margaret Garner. Works Cited Morrison, Toni. Beloved. New York: Ransom House, 1987 Jacobs, Harriet. Incidents in the life of a slave girl,1861.

Dropping the C-bomb Essay -- Feminism

It’s one of the oldest idioms that inevitably the majority of us have heard as a youth on a playground: â€Å"Sticks and stones may break my bones, but words can never hurt me.† Unfortunately, this old phrase isn’t entirely true—it doesn’t define which words are hurtful, the context they are used in, or its historical context. In fact, words can be powerful. There are a number of words in language, that are both negative and offensive, that have been used to oppress a specific group. Their history has produced such a negative symbolic power and creates such a stigma, that they possess the ability to harm or injure. â€Å"Cunt† is such a word. The word â€Å"cunt† used in modern language carries a heavy offensive potency in just one syllable. Saying phrases such as â€Å"You’re a cunt!† â€Å"Stop being such a cunt† or â€Å"You fucking cunt† for those with more gusto for its use, reveals the misogyny that the word possesses. After all, â€Å"cunt† is another, albeit derogatory, word for vagina and (most) females have a vagina; and the vagina is the central powerful symbol for femininity. What does it mean then to essentially be a â€Å"vagina† (read cunt)? Furthermore, as a woman, what does it mean to have such a pejorative word aimed towards you with the intent to offend, harm, and essentially oppress one’s own femininity? Yet, as British journalist Zoe Williams states, the word â€Å"vagina† is not used to insult women; however, cunt† is. To be called a â€Å"cunt,† then, suggests that the offender is attempting to dishonor this very symbol of womanhood, by scandalizing the word in attempt to claim and perpetuate its pejorative power, thus diminishing the woman, and inadvertently her power. Attitudes towards the usage of the word â€Å"cunt† reveal its pejorative power and the ... .... . Hunt, Matthew. "Cunt: Etymology." The Works of Matthew Hunt. Web. Dec. 2010. . Muscio, Igna. "Cunt: A Declaration of Independence." Share Book Recommendations With Your Friends, Join Book Clubs, Answer Trivia. Web. Dec. 2010. . "TV's Most Offensive Words | Media | MediaGuardian." Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian.co.uk. 25 Nov. 2005. Web. Dec. 2010. . "Zoe Williams: The Feminist Mistake | Comment Is Free | The Guardian." Latest News, Comment and Reviews from the Guardian | Guardian.co.uk. 14 June 2006. Web. Dec. 2010. .

Narrative on `The Dream of the Rood`

As the first known â€Å"dream poem† in English literature, â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† has stood as one of the most celebrated and profound works in verse around the world. Along with a penetrating, mystical vision of Christian spirituality and illuminating Biblical allusion, the poem offers a diverse and inspired form and diction to match its powerful theme and images. â€Å"The Dream of the Rood is best understood as an imaginative re-enactment of a private penitential experience[†¦] This critically acclaimed, dramatic Old English poem is the first dream-vision in English, and its most enduring features are a startling use of language, powerful prosopopoeia, and striking imagery.† (Butcher) Along with religious imagery which overtly signals the spiritual and penitential themes of the poem, â€Å"The Dream of the rood† extends truly original diction and meter to propel its impact. The basic â€Å"story† of the poem may have been drawn from earlier sources, poems which utilized the same theme: â€Å"an older poem describing the crucifixion of Jesus which may possibly have been written by Caedmon or one of his school, and which Cynewulf took up and worked at in his own fashion, adding to it where and how he pleased, and changing its mode of presentation — making it, for instance into a dream, and adding the personification of the Tree. (Brooke 438) Using the theme of   Christ’s crucifixion allowed the poet to soar into inventiuve language and word-choice, to establish poetry which addressed the spiritual and religious impulses of the Anglo Saxon world: â€Å"More explicitly in what is perhaps the most famous of the Anglo-Saxon Christian poems, The Dream of the Rood, the poet represents the Crucifixion as a physically active and heroic act.† (Crafton 214) This basic story is both straightforward and mystical: â€Å"the speaker tells of his swefna cyst, best of dreams, in which he sees the cross of the crucifixion, alter nately bejeweled and bloody, in the sky. The cross then speaks, giving its own first person account of the Passion of Christ, and encouraging the dreamer to spread the message of the cross to his contemporaries.† (Dockray-Miller)  Ã‚   In order to capture the luminous and exalted feeling of inspiration and religious intoxication which permeate the poem, the poet engaged in the use of language which is both striking and deeply connotative. In generating the â€Å"narrative† of the poem, the poet resorted to the use of gender-charged or gender-specific language, to â€Å"personify† and attribute qualitites to  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   the elements of the poem which would enable its message to emerge powerfully.†Particularly concerned with how language could be used to signal a status of power, the poet of â€Å"The Dream of the Rood† used masculine- and feminine-coded language to signal a change in the status of power-figures.†Ã‚   (Hawkins) Evidence of controlled and inspired diction is obvious from the poem’s opening lines: â€Å"the poet announces he will recount the â€Å"swefna cyst,† or ’best of dreams,’ the first-time reader thinks nothing of the phrase except that it signifies excellence in dreaming, perhaps; however, on second and third passes through the poem, the reader becomes aware that this diction deserves close scrutiny[†¦] the poet is establishing that both his narrator’s dream and the tree in that dream are the â€Å"best†; that is to say, they are ultimate truth.†Ã‚   (Butcher). Likewise, the tree, described first in the poem’s fourth line as â€Å"â€Å"syllicre tr?eow’, an absolute use of the comparative â€Å"syllicre,† meaning â€Å"a tree more marvelous [than any other tree].† Syllic is a variation of the adjective seldlic, from which our seldom comes. Thus, â€Å"syllicre tr?eow† can also be translated â€Å"rarest tree.† Immediately, the poet has established the exceptional nature of his subject.† (Butcher). Works Cited Brooke, Stopford A. The History of Early English Literature: Being the History of English Poetry from Its Beginnings to the Accession of King Aelfred. New York: Macmillan, 1892. Crafton, John Michael. â€Å"11 Epic and Heroic Poetry.† A Companion to Old and Middle English Literature. Ed. Laura Cooner Lambdin and Robert Thomas Lambdin. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2002. 210-229. Dockray-Miller, Mary. â€Å"The Feminized Cross of ‘The Dream of the Rood.'.† Philological Quarterly 76.1 (1997): 1+. Hawkins, Emma B. â€Å"Gender, Language and Power in â€Å"The Dream of the Rood†.† Women and Language 18.2 (1995): 33+. Butcher, Carmen Acevedo. The Dream of the Rood and Its Unique, Penitential Language 1+ www.carmenbutcher.com 2-5-07.            

Philips Vs Matsushita Case Study Essay

CASE STUDY ASSIGNMENT: Philips vs Matsushita Philips and Matsushita are two principal consumer electronics companies that adopted two different strategies that lead them to some success, and later losses. Philips, as a multinational company, was more into a global organizational portfolio; whereas, Matsushita was focusing its operations in Japan. Unfortunately, both companies face loss of profitability even if their top managers were putting a lot of effort into the success of their respective business. Philips employed seven CEOs, and each used different strategy to reach the company success. Matsushita strategy was to turn the company into a cost containment mode, but the losing trend appeared by then. While Philips pursued its path into innovation and entrepreneurship by using their local resources to create new products, Matsushita was more focusing on a strategy based on standard products. Philips began closing useless plants and identifying businesses as either core or non-core. Purchasing the North American Philips Corp was to regain control and spending on basic research was to make the R&D the direct reasonability of the business. However, the spending was wasted; NOs were unwilling to use the new technologies developed. Matsushita, on the other hand, was more focusing on its subsidiaries; for instance, it implemented the operations localization that gave more power to the subsidiaries and more choice to their managers. After collapsing, the latest CEO decided to consolidate manufacturing facilities. However, it did not focus on innovation and did not develop new products. Nevertheless, both companies had many disadvantages in their strategies. For instance, Philips lacked the ability to deal with a changing international environment, exceeded by the competition in terms of price since it was offering the most expensive products in the market, and also, faced many problems internally like disputes between its NOs and its product divisions. On the other hand, Matsushita has a centralized production which led to losses throughout the years. Also, their cultural values were not adaptive enough to let the firm cope with the changing environment. Even by adopting strong strategies, Philips and Matsushita continue to lose profitability and now for sure, they need to restructure their businesses and risk should be spread in order to mitigate unforeseeable disasters.

Dietary Supplements Report Essay

Dietary supplements are products intended for ingestion as supplements to the diet. Dietary supplements can have vitamins, herbs, enzymes, extracts, plant substances, amino acids, botanicals, and concentrates. Supplements are beneficial to the body because they can enhance the nutrients in foods, aid in weight loss, provide energy, cure illnesses, optimize health, and protect against diseases. If a person does not consume enough nutrients because of a disease or eating habits dietary supplements are extremely beneficial. There are certain groups that benefit most from dietary supplements; pregnant women, vegetarians, dieters, and the elderly. An increase of folic acid and iron is needed to reduce the risk of defects and prevent anemia. Vegetarians should take vitamin B12 because they do not eat animal foods which contain more vitamin B12 than any other food source. If a person eats less than 1200 calories when on a diet, they will not get the amount of nutrients needed. If dieters take a multi-vitamin they will meet the daily recommendations for nutrients. Anyone over the age of 50 should take calcium, Vitamin D, and B12 to maintain a healthy life. Calcium and vitamin D will help keep the bones strong, lower blood pressure, and prevent diseases like osteoporosis and multiple sclerosis. Vitamin B12 will promote heart health and fight fatigue. There are many risks when taking dietary supplements. Dietary supplements are not regulated or tested by the U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for side effects before they are available to consumers (â€Å"The skinny on dietary supplements,† 2008). Dietary supplements are also harmful because they contain chemicals that can be harmful. Some supplements contain non-essential hormones and enzymes. Dietary supplements may cause medications, over-the-counter or prescribed, to work differently or not at all. When taking any supplement it is important to read the label and ask a physician before taking the supplement to reduce chances of toxicity. Many people think dietary supplements provide all the nutrients needed to support a healthy diet; they are only part of a ealthy diet (Grosvenor, 2006). As stated earlier, the government does not regulate dietary supplements as they do other foods and drugs (â€Å"U. S. Food and Drug Administration: Dietary Supplements†, 2013). In 1994 the government created the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act of 1994 (DSHEA). The act states manufacturers are responsible for ensuring the product is safe before it is put on the market. If the product is unsafe after it is on the market the FDA is responsible for taking action to correct the issue. The FDA is responsible for providing product information and literature. It is the manufacturer’s responsibility to ensure all ingredients are listed on the labels of the product and the information is true. The manufacturer has to submit reports for any supplement that has any type of negative reaction. The FDA implemented a Dietary Supplement Current Good Manufacturing Practice (CGMPs) that all personnel in the company must follow to ensure quality control. Supplements are needed by people with life-threatening diseases like kidney failure. People that have kidney failure, depending on the type of dialysis they use, peritoneal or hemodialysis. Peritoneal dialysis uses osmosis and diffusion through the peritoneal cavity to remove waste and fluid; this process causes a lack of potassium, magnesium, and phosphorus. Hemodialysis uses an artificial kidney to remove wastes and fluids from the blood; this process causes a lack of phosphorus, iron, and epogen. The common bond between both types of dialysis is the lack of phosphorus. Phosphorus supplements are used to strengthen the bones of dialysis patients, prevent renal bone disease, and keep the heart healthy. The dose varies from patient to patient, depending on the food intake. If the patient does not take the prescribed dose they experience many different effects. If too much of the phosphorus supplement is ingested, itching will occur. If not enough phosphorus is ingested, weakness will occur and bones will begin to get brittle causing them to break.

Cutting edge technology that involves thermodynamics or thermodynamics Research Paper

Cutting edge technology that involves thermodynamics or thermodynamics processes - Research Paper Example Thermodynamic process is the energetic development of a thermodynamic system, proceeding from an initial state to a final state. Advances in hot water systems and solar is a combination of thermodynamic processes, employing cutting edge technology to deliver. A thermodynamic process is not an isolated one permitted to undergo spontaneous changes, because this will bring disorder. A hot water and solar panels system employs thermodynamic law of equilibrium, and maintains temperatures in a state of equilibrium. In solar panels, the process happens infinitely, through a series of sequence. Hot water systems thermodynamics involve transfer of energy as work of heat, through which particles are insulated from the environment to maintain the particles in a constant impermeable state, by which thermodynamic heat is generated before the system closes (http://www.scienceclarified.com/everyday/Real-Life-Physics-Vol-2/Thermodynamics-Real-life-applications.html). Thermodynamic processes are an extension of thermodynamics cycles, through which heat collision in form of permeable particles produces energy. As observed in solar panel systems and hot water systems, thermodynamic molecular forces do not act in isolation in cutting-edge technology to produce result. They are supplemented with electrical currents and weak interaction s with that determines thermodynamic properties. Laws of thermodynamics are an exploration of the relationship between heat and energy. Thermodynamics processes employ heat transfer in all its forms, that is, conduction, convention, and radiation. Cooling machines uses heat in reverse process by which particles are heated. Through the radiation sequence in thermodynamics, refrigerator pulls heater from its inner compartments and transfers it to outer region. This is the science behind the warmth felt at the back of a

Aesthetics in Early Childhood Education Research Paper

Aesthetics in Early Childhood Education - Research Paper Example Undeniably, technology instruments have been located in children’s music teaching and learning, children’s visual aids, and children’s role-play and their contributions to learning experiences in early childhood education environments accordingly. In that case, children’s music teaching and learning, children’s visual aids, and children’s role-play are the three most important pre-school activities because they influence instructional outcomes in early childhood education directly. Proof of the combination of technology instruments in children’s music teaching and learning, children’s visual aids, and children’s role-play in the Early Childhood education contexts exists. A rigorous literature review of a substantial amount of varying sources explores the argument that technology instruments play a crucial role in children’s music teaching and learning, children’s visual aids, and children’s role-play. After carefully elaborating the relevant literature and argument, three major proposals emerge; the first one suggests that technology instruments in music teaching facilitate the quality and efficiency in the learning motivation of early childhood education children. ... ve and interesting visual aids that apply technological instruments are large motivation boosters to the early childhood education learning experiences. The third and final proposal is that technology instruments facilitate the levels of performance of children (this entails several aspects namely emotional expression, emotional regulation, emotional utilization, and interpersonal relationship) in Children’s role-play in the kindergartens. In this respect, the early childhood education children are highly involved in role-plays that apply technology instruments because they are able not only to express their emotions, but also to utilize these emotions and subsequent interpersonal relationships in learning. Overall, this paper arrives at three major conclusions in relation to the three proposals mentioned before; firstly, indeed technology instruments in music teaching facilitate the quality and efficiency in the learning motivation of early childhood education children. Secon dly, technology instruments in visual aids facilitate the quality and efficiency in the learning motivation of children, and finally, technology instruments facilitate Children's performance in children’s role-play, especially in terms of emotional expression, emotional regulation, emotional utilization, and interpersonal relationships. B. Introduction Normally, early childhood educators are constantly searching for the most effective learning experiences that can help to enhance the quality of education for young children (Lim, 2005), and aesthetic experiences in particular have proven quite successful especially in the teaching of arts and even across disciplines (Whitehead, 2004). Expert analyses have established that aesthetic experiences have the effect of expanding the learning

Corruption in the congress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Corruption in the congress - Assignment Example Challenges facing traditional challenges have such as lack of proper audit trail, security and reliability can only be avoided when I-Voting techniques and the IT infrastructure are properly implemented. I-Voting will be part of logical evolution that is currently adopted in almost every field such as e-commerce and e-travel. I-voting will provide a good environment for the public to exercise their democratic rights and stabilize the political environment that is characterized with corruption in congress. I-Voting will make voting process much secured, reliable fast and accurate, features that are important for a nation or leadership that believes its people should play a major role in decision making process. In general, the authors believe that I-Voting will bring the required transformation in the political and democratic world. "The SAVE System -- Secure Architecture for Voting Electronically" by Selker and Goler addresses many benefits attributed to electronic voting system including the fact that it can be more inherently secure. The authors believe in a possible electronic system that can curb all the challenges and possible attacks related with traditional voting. The authors lay out an n-version type of voting system that they believe can transmit accurate and prevent outside tampering or hacking of the voting process. The authors also argue that the n-version will increase voter turnout because of electronic user interface that can enable even voters with special needs to exercise their democratic rights. This form of voting system tends to protect data and allows voters to vote in an open network enabled by its modularity and common specifications. However, the authors believe that a lot still needs to be done for a proper implementation of the system such as examining ways of providing verifiable f eedback. In general, n-version is believed by the architectures as the most

RADIUS Implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

RADIUS Implementation - Essay Example By using RADIUS, every access and authentication to a company’s network applications are controlled by the RADIUS server, which serves as a functioning host (Harrington, 2005). As a systems administrator, one of my major duties is ensuring that the company’s network system is running smoothly and that any technical glitches are fixed immediately to prevent further delays in the execeution of tasks that may cause the company to lose money. Therefore the vast logging capabilities of RADIUS will be very beneficial in ensuring that I am able to ensure that the optimal conditions of the network system are maintained, courtesy of RADIUS’ capacity to map out an audit trail of the network system. This will enable me to analyze logging files for billing and security purposes. There is growing need for improved security measures in order to restrict intrusion and restricted entry to a company’s network environment. This has led to the development of new viruses and other malicious programs and software aimed at disrupting company functions, thus requiring a system that can adapt to these changes. RADIUS offers a long lasting solution to the evolving network environment by adopting a server that utilizes modifiable stubs. Simply, the RADIUS server adapts itself to an individual network and can expand to provide other security services. According to Cache et al., the Network Policy Server found in Windows Server 2012 possesses some features that are compatible with RADIUS, especially in relation to the company’s network environment. One of the characteristics includes its ability to ensure the migration of NPS configuration settings for RADIUS servers and clients. The configuration settings capacity also extends to shared secrets which can be migrated the Network Policy Server (Cache, 2007). Morimoto argues that the basic reasons for implementing RADIUS is in order for supporting

Supply and Demand Concepts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Supply and Demand Concepts - Assignment Example The price floor of 16 create a surplus of 4000 in the tablet market. Price floor alters the forces of demand and supply in the market (Bhaskar, 1997). In a natural case, the tablet would be selling at 12, but the price floor of 16 prompt the producer to produce more due to the high return expected in the market. On the other hand, consumer would be hesitant to buy at 16 thus, making the market have a surplus of 4000. Price ceiling is maximum price set for a specific good to help the citizen afford at a considerable price lower than the market value. In the tablet market, market price ceiling will create a shortage in the market as a supplier would not be willing to supply a tablet at a price lower than the market price. For this case where price ceiling is set at price $8, the market will experience a shortage of 4000 tablets. The purpose of price ceiling is to bring equity among all customers. A drop in price for the tablet by 50% would alter the market equilibrium. People will demand more tablet than before and the supply for the same will decrease as the prices drops from $12 to $6. The ultimate impact is a downward shift in the demand curve. The market for tablet will have more demand than the supply of table. This scenario is what is referred to as shortage in the market. In cases, all thing are kept constant when price decreases; the market will have to endure with shortages of tablet as the demand will not be met by the available supply. However, according to the laws of demand a reduction in price dictate that the quantity supplied would also reduce. Thus, the supply curve shift to the left and the market will return to the equilibrium price. An increase in income for the tablet consumer would shift the demand curve to the right (other thing constant). Increase in customer’s income leaves them with extra money after their other expenditure to buy tablets and thus increase the demand for tablet. However, because the market for tablet is free

Human Arrangements Essay Example for Free

Human Arrangements Essay The increase of poverty in the recent years is one of the major problems which the United States has to face. As the survey shows, the highest poverty rates in the United States were witnessed during the years of recession, for example 1960, 1975, 1983 and others. However, the poverty rates increased dramatically through 2001-2003. In 2002, the number of people in poverty reached 34. 4 million, which is 12. 1% of the population. The poverty rate was at its lowest level between 1970-1980 years, but since that time it never decreased until that level. In the last years, it was the lowest in 2000 (at the level of 11%) but since that time it kept increasing annually. In 2003, poverty rate reached 12. 5% which is 0. 4% higher than in 2002. The dynamics of poverty in the United States also shows that the most vulnerable members of the society are people under the age of 18 (17% of them are in poverty). Citizens aged 18-64 have had the lowest poverty rates up to 2002, when the level of poverty rates of seniors (aged 65 and older) reached their level. According to the regional characteristic, states in which poverty rates increased the most included Florida, Illinois, Utah, South Carolina and others. It is also necessary to analyze the dynamics of poverty rates among different races. According to the survey, poverty rates increased greatly among all of the races present in the United States. At the same time, the income level of White, Asian and Black households remained unchanged while the income of Hispanic households experienced some decrease. Among these groups, Black households have the lowest level of income and thus have the highest poverty rates among the groups in the society. In 2003, the median income of Black families reached only $30,000 which was only 62% of the $48,000 income of White households (non-Hispanic origin). The group with the highest income level, and thus the smallest number of people below the poverty line was Asians. Their average income reached $55,000 in 2003. It is possible to conclude that among all of the groups, Blacks are experiencing the most problems with obtaining income. Asian households receive almost the double income of what Black households receive. Due to the fact that poverty rates are increasing with years, it means that Black citizens are going to become more and more vulnerable in the society. In 2003, 24. 4% of Black people were below the poverty line, and the percentage has increasing by 2005. For comparison, only 11% of Asian people were below the poverty line in 2003. There are many reasons why the poverty rate among Blacks has changed the most during the recent years. First, due to discrimination, many Black people are still unable to get high-paying jobs which people of other origins get easily. The experience of New Orleans shows that despite the hopes of African Americans hat discrimination would be reduces with time, this process is very slow. Most of the people affected by hurricane in New Orleans lost their houses and jobs, and it will be very difficult for them to achieve their previous level of income in the following years. Unfortunately, the government did not take any measures to assist the people whose houses were devastated by the hurricane. Situation with New Orleans is only one of the examples of how discrimination occurs in the United States and Black population is unable to reach the same income level as other races. Another reason of high poverty rate among Blacks is their inability to enter prestigious establishments of higher learning. Due to the low income level of their families in comparison with other races, they are often unable to obtain good education which would lead them to high-paying jobs. At the same time, it is necessary to mark that due to the introduction of Civil Rights legislation, the poverty level of Blacks in the recent years is much lower than it was before the adoption of legislation. Even though the poverty rate has been increasing during the last years, the average rate is much lower than it was in the 50s. Despite the fact that Blacks are still experiencing some sort of discrimination, it is much less noticeable as it was before the adoption of Civil Rights legislation. Owing to the legislation, they finally got an opportunity to have the same rights as white people and thus the overall poverty level among Blacks declined dramatically in comparison with previous decades. Bibliography. 1. Poverty in the United States- 2002. Issued September 2003. Available at URL: http://www.census.gov/prod/www/abs/popula.html 2. Income, Poverty and Health Insurance Coverage in the United States 2003. Issued August 2004. Available at URL: http://www. census. gov/prod/www/abs/income. html.

Introduction To Project Management Management Essay

Introduction To Project Management Management Essay Project management is the planning, organizing and managing of tasks and resources to accomplish a defined objective, usually with constraints on time and cost. Most projects, whether they are large and complex or small and simple, can be planned by breaking the project into small, easily manageable tasks, scheduling the tasks, and then tracking the tasks as work progresses. Project management helps you answer questions such as: What is to be done? Who will complete the task? When must it be done? How much will it cost? What happens if work isnt completed on time? Planning the project and creating a schedule This includes defining the tasks and their duration, setting up relationships between tasks, and, if you are tracking resource usage, assigning resources. All later phases of the project are based directly on the information you provide when you first plan your project. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Managing changes This is an ongoing process that begins once you create a schedule and the project starts, and ends when the project is complete. It includes tracking and adjusting your schedule to reflect changes that occur as the project progresses. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Communicating project information This is a very important process that involves communicating project information to clients, project staff, and management. Project management software is productivity software that will assist you in each of these steps. Many professionals find it is among the most productive tools in their skill set. In todays business it is in the best interest of companies to have project managers. Common sense isnt always usually accomplished. For anyone whos ever worked on a project in a technical setting knows this. Indeed, much of working with others consists of solving unexpected problems and learning from mistakes along the way.    Knowing this and having the proper tools a project manager will be able to manage and complete the most intense project out there.   Ã‚   It seems that people time and again have the wrong impression of what a project manager does.    It is not about being able to create a compound plan to hang on the wall.    It is not about setting up conference after conference.    This is about understanding a big business objective, understanding the technology involved, being able to communicate at an assortment of levels, being able to encourage and direct people, being able to handle the constant worry and troubles, and being structured enough to make certain the whole thing that needs to get completed, gets completed.    What this comes down to is a project manager should be able to meet or exceed all of the stakeholders expectations.    The project manager also must be able to get others to work with limited authority throughout the duration.    Doing most of the work yourself is a poor long-term development strategy and will never solve the problem. In every project there are always some universal characteristics that will be shared.    They all have a comprehensible and established purpose and very distinct life durations. Overall, all projects are doing something that may possibly be new or yet a onetime endeavor but have explicit requirements which include; time, price, and performance. Project management deals with tools, people, and systems. (Lewis) The first project of this module is to do a group poster presentation. We have limited time to carry out research and we were worn off by the intensive lectures. This is where I found out how time management and team work play as important elements for success. We distributed the workload among ourselves and set a time frame for completion. Group members were to adhere to the time frame stipulated. This is how we manage to complete a simple presentation, with many hidden hard work behind our success. A project manager should have certain qualities in order to successfully execute a project and then run them successfully for the project to be a hit in the market. A project manager should have certain attribute for successful in a project and they are Monitoring and Controlling: Project manger always monitors the work done by his team members and has control over the entire project. They also have to make sure about the budget estimated at the beginning of the project. Self-esteem: Project manager should always motivate his team members to do their work sincerely and help by supporting each and every one at the work. Leadership skills: Project Manager should have leadership qualities to manage the team. Project closure The final objective is project closure which includes verifying that all of the work has been accomplished, check the Contractual closure of the contract, financial closure of the charge numbers and finally administrative closure of the paperwork. Successful project management can then be defined as having achieved the project objectives. Project management has evolved to plan, co-ordinate and control the complex and diverse activities of modern industrial, commercial and management change and IT projects (Lock 2009). Chunnel Tunnel: Introduction The Chunnel tunnel project undertaken to create a connection between England and France via underground tunnel, presents one of the largest privately funded construction projects ever under taken. It required the cooperation of two national governments, bankers underwriting the funding for the projects, numerous contractors and several regular agencies. The construction and engineering of the tunnel required the use of new technology and required significant modifications during the project due to unexpected conditions and changes required by various parties. This case study demonstrates the numerous factors which played during the course of the project that has significant effects on the overall course of the project. At the end Chunnel project was completed, but it was late and over budgeted. The promotion of and investment in the Channel Tunnel was a challenging multinational affair drawing in institutions from several countries. In this paper, I concentrate on the promotion of the abortive tunnel project of 1957-1975 and the ultimately successful venture a decade later, focusing on governments and companies in Britain, France, the United States, and Japan. I identify the management and sharing of risk as the critical elements in the Tunnels political economy. Here, the difficulties produced by the quadripartite quilt of negotiations involving two governments (Britain and France) and two tunnel companies are at center stage, though I also argue that American involvement was important in the first project, and Japanese financial support was critical in the second. The debates concerned the type of crossing, questions of ownership versus licensing and regulation, and the importance of making public investment in related and supporting infrastructure. The Channel Tunnel has significance as a prototype of public-private partnership in Britain, and I draw lessons from the experience, referring in particular to the challenges presented by the infrastructure project circle.The paper draws on material assembled for Terry Gourvish, The Official History of the Channel Tunnel (London, 2006). It all started in 1802 when French forward a proposal to tunnel under the English Channel, which would be illuminated using oil lamps, horse-drawn coaches for transportation and also an artificial mid-channel foe changing horses. But, the project was delayed for a very long period In 1955 both British and French governments supported surveys and in 1974, a government-funded the twin tunnel project with car shuttle wagons. Later in 1975 British government had no interest in funding the project so they had no objection for a privately funded project. And hence the project was given into the hands of the private companies. On 2 july 1985, both French and British formed a group Channel Tunnel Group/France. The design and construction was done by this company as the project was undertaken by private companies. The Chunnel Tunnel is a build -own- operate- transfer project with a concession. And the British and French governments will hold the control on final engineering and safety decisions, now those were in the hands of Channel Tunnel Safety Authority. Eleven tunnel boring machines, which were working from both the sides of the tunnel cut through two rail tunnels and the service tunnel, this started in 1988, and 1994 operating of the tunnel began. And it was estimated that the cost of the construction was  £4.650 billon.15000 people were employed with daily expenditure over  £3 million. And ten workers were killed during the construction process. The Eurotunnel completed tunnel boring on time, hence the tunnel was finally opened officially by British Queen Elizabeth II and French President Francois Mitterand in a ceremony held in Calais on 6th may 1994. The Chunnel Tunnel also known as (French: Chunnel tunnel source ls manche) is a 50.5-Kilometer undersea rail tunnel linking Folk stone, Kent near Dover in the United Kingdom with coquilles, Pas-de-Calais near Calais in northern France. At its lowest point, it is 75 meters (250 ft) deep 1802 Channel tunnel proposal was brought across by Albert Mathieu 1875 The beginning of Channel Tunnel Company Ltd 1882 Abbots Cliff had reached 897  yards (820 m) and Shakespeare Cliff was 2,040  yards (1,870 m) in length. January 1975 British-French government stopped there backed scheme support in 1974 February 1986 They proceeded the project with the permission of Treaty of Canterbury June 1988 In France the First tunneling was started December 1988 Tunneling operation was started in UK December 1990 Broke down of the service tunnel under the Channel May 1994 The formal inauguration by The Queen and President(French) Mid 1994 Passenger and Cargos started using the trains November 1996 Due to fire there was huge damage in the tunnel November 2007 After the renovation the tunnel was re opened for the public. Fig. SOME IMPORTANT DATES. Challenges: Communication Gap Communication plays a very vital role in a project, not only for the project managers but also for the rest of the team members. This is one of the factors driving a project to success or failure. England and France are the two groups of people who were working together and there were communication gap between two teams, which leads to major delay of the project. Planning There was no proper planning for this project as this was the first project towards Chunnel, none of them were aware how to go about it and what are the different kinds of challenges they will come across during this project and they were unable to project on anything. In every stage they use to come up with different problems and that use to take time this use to reflect time factors and because of this budget use to go high. Strengths Technically strongly built, hence a successful Quality Management implemented. Back office support was excellent. Good team work between two groups. A winning proposal under build owner transfer granted to CTG and overall quality of work impressive, work place accident rates were below the industrial average and implementation of effective change management. Weakness Time delay and over budget, project was not well planned, poor change management, risk management was not in place, change in design resulted in project delay, litigation and claims was high in the project, lack of team work and communication, financial model optimistic resulted in cost increase, scope was not well defined and rolling stock and specifications were not the same between British and French. Lessons to be learnt: Due to proper planning there was delay at work provide adequate defined scope and a well planned changed management system, the sound risk management technique and adequate planning and research techniques to be put in place. Good coordination between two governments and try minimizing the litigation and claims by brining proper planning in place. We had a great time doing this project. The time and money spent on Channel tunnel inspired all team members to take a trip through the Euro-France Eurotunnel. While preparing a poster me and other team memebers got an oppurtunity to watch a documentary video on Euro tunnel filmed by Discovery channel. Project management theories of team leadership was a big lesson I got to learn while doing this poster. One of the team members took control when the team dynamism was coming to a stand still. Watching him giving direction to team and motivating various team members to perform was when I understood leadership roles. I played a role of organiser in the team. I took responsibility to keep track of every ones effort in the team. I also passed on their work done to every other team member, and acknowledged that member. Presentation skills was of most importance in poster making as we were not allowed to explain the posters, whereas the posters had to speak for themselves. All the team had to put their thinking caps on and rack brains to come with a good presentation idea. At first we planned to put everything we had into the poster but later realised that would over crowd the poster. Hence then we sorted the data we had and then easened our poster with a partitioned look and a title in the middle. Project Life Cycle C:UsersdellDocumentsProject metodology.JPG Project Life Cycle As can been seen in the methodology lifecycle graph shown in the poster and also attached in the appendix, our poster making task was a smooth run. Our module leader Michael Snelgrove assigned our team Jaguar with Chunnel Tunnel case study. To make a poster on Chunnel Tunnel project case study wasnt a easy task. I joined the team later hence in the second week the team introduced me to the case study and we all decided to meet again with highlighted essentials. The week after we all discussed and distributed essential task amongst ourselves every Niaz introduced us to the title Everything Comes Down To Money as in the Chunnel Tunnel project the blotted budget was the big issue. Everyone agreed with the title and started with further data collection, Niloy one of the team members gave me the sources for study materials and there on we finalized the total data and content to be presented in the poster. We discussed reaming time cost of printing, specification of poster and risk of show ing some required data on the poster. Every one confirmed their acceptance towards work submitted by each team member. The printing cost of the poster were one of the issues in one of the data meetings but the module leader Michael Snelgrove solved the problem by taking responsibility for poster printing costs, as we were nearing the data submission we discussed our work with the module leader and requested for suggestions to improve the poster then more amendment tasks were distributed among ourselves we then finally sat together and finalized the poster. Analysis and Communications were the major skills we used for the successful completion of the given task. We received positive comments on the judgment day of poster except for our criticism on showing the Hitlers photograph in the poster. Conclusion After doing the poster makings the group has a whole understood that no previous experience and hidden technical costs resulted in late compellation of the project with the bloated budget.